Zamenhof's Table (significantly eases learning)

	-u Person or specified thing	-o Unspecified thing	-a Type, Kind	-es Owner	-e(n) Place (Direction)	-el Manner	-am Time	-al Reason	-om Amount
ki- question, relative	kiu who	kio what	kia what kind of	kies whose	kie(n) (to) where	kiel how	kiam when	kial why	kiom how much
ti- that	tiu that (one)	Tio that (thing)	tia that kind of	ties that one’s	tie(n) (to) there	tiel in that way	tiam then	tial therefore	tiom that much
i- any	iu anyone	io anything	ia any kind of	ies anyone’s	ie(n) (to) anywhere	iel anyway	iam whenever	ial for any reason	iom any amount
neni- none	neniu no-one	nenio nothing	nenia no kind of	nenies no-one’s	nenie(n) (to) nowhere	neniel in no way	neniam never	nenial for no reason	neniom no amount
ĉi- all, every	ĉiu(j) everyone	ĉio everything	ĉia every kind of	ĉies everyone’s	ĉie(n) (to) everywhere	ĉiel in every way	ĉiam always	ĉial for every reason	ĉiom alles

Explanations:

1) The table-words ending with -u are used as stand-alone words (who = kiu, anyone = iu, no-one = neniu, etc.) but also as adjectives (which house = kiu domo, any book = iu libro). They take -j for plural and -n when used as direct object, just as normal nouns and adjectives: "Mi ne konas ĉiujn homojn" (I don’t know all humans).

2) The table-words ending with -o are naturally nouns, used only in the singular. They can take the -n ending when used as direct object: "Tion mi ne scias" (That I don’t know).

3) The table-words ending with –a are adjectives and used to further describe a noun: "Kia homo li estas?" (What kind of a person is he?). They take -j for plural and -n when used as direct object. "Tiajn frazojn li ne uzas" (Such phrases he doesn’t use).

4) The table-words ending with -es are adjectives and are used to further describe a noun: "Kies monujo estas tio?" (Whose purse is that?). These table-words are invariant and never take any endings.

5) The table-words ending with -e, -el, -am, -al and -om are adverbs and so remain invariant (no endings). Only the -e words may take a final -n to give the special meaning of a direction of motion. "Mi ne volas iri tien" (I don’t want to go [to] there).

6) The table-words beginning with ki- are question-words as well as relative pronouns: "Kiu estas tie?" (Who is there?). "Mi ne scias kiam li alvenos" (I don’t know when he will arrive). Questions in Esperanto always begin with a question-word or with "Ĉu" (for yes/no questions).

7) The difference between "this / that" or "here / there" is made by adding the word "ĉi", to indicate something nearby: ĉi tiu domo - this house, ĉio ĉi - all this here.

8) The adverbs listed in point 5) above can be extended to become nouns or adjectives: tiam - then, at that time; la tiama ĉefo - the chief at that time. Or: kial - why; la kialo – the reason. Further adverbs can also be built: A very common example is "iomete" (a little bit), which comes from "iom" (some amount), the diminutive suffix "-et-" and a final "-e" marking the word as a normal adverb.

9) The word fragment "neni-" is used in building the word "neniigi" (to nullify, destroy).

10) To express "something pretty" or "nothing good" or "(I wish you) all the best", one uses the appropriate -o table-word. Since these are nouns, the additional description "pretty", "good", etc. are treated as adjectives, giving: "io bela", "nenio bona" or "(Mi deziras al vi) ĉion bonan".